Comparisons of the effects of logging and fire as disturbance agents on the composition of bird assemblages in boreal ecosystems are still lacking or are limited to the short-term impacts of clear felling. In Quebec, Canada, where the boreal forest is largely dominated by black spruce (Picea mariana) stands, 140 point-count stations were surveyed in 3 postlogging and 4 postfire development stages determined according to the height of the regenerating spruce trees. Bird species richness did not vary among forest development stages, but bird abundance was higher in recent clearcuts. Recently disturbed areas were characterized by open-land bird assemblages dominated by Neotropical migrants, which reached their highest abundance in clearcuts. Moreover, logged stands were distinguished from burned sites by the absence of cavity-nesting birds. Forest-bird assemblages reestablished themselves as soon as young spruces reached the sapling stage. However, the black-backed woodpecker (Picoides arcticus), three-toed woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus), and brown creeper (Certhia americana) were restricted to mature stands or recent burns and are thus likely to be negatively affected by modern forestry, which involves fire suppression and short logging rotations. It is suggested that retention of larger areas of continuous mature forest might be essential to maintain these species in managed regions.