Ground-dwelling spider (Araneae) assemblages were compared between recent clearcuts and burned black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) forests. Spiders were sampled using pitfall traps placed in 6 recently burned sites, 6 recently clear-cut sites, and 6 undisturbed sites in eastern Quebec, Canada. A total of 2935 individuals from 95 spider species were identified. Catch rates for hunting spiders were significantly higher in the clear-cut stands than in the burned stands, but between-stand species turnover of hunting spiders was twice as high in the burned stands as in the clear-cut stands. Web-building spiders had similar catch rates in the three stand types, but had the highest species turnover and gamma diversity in the undisturbed sites. Correspondence analysis showed that the composition of the spider assemblages varied among the three types of stands. Spider assemblages found in clearcuts were associated with environmental variables reflecting dry, open, disturbed forest floor, while assemblages found in burned stands were correlated with high percentages of shrub cover and dried moss-lichen substrate and deeper litter. We conclude that ground-living spider assemblages in boreal forest respond very differently to clearcuts and fires and we suggest modifications to present forestry practices to create disturbances that are more similar to wildfires.