European earthworms have come to dominate earthworm assemblages in most North American soils. The establishment of these invasive taxa is typically preceded by agricultural or other perturbation of the natural soil system. Grassland soils in the Flint Hills region of North America have escaped these perturbations because of their steep topography and stony soils; and as a consequence, still support native earthworms. Nevertheless. European taxa are invading these soils, and the conditions under which these invasions occur are unknown. In fall of 1994 and spring of 1997 we sampled earthworms from experimental plots at Konza Prairie Research Natural Area in eastern Kansas, to assess the impacts of different land management practices on composition of the earthworm fauna in grassland soils. Since 1986, these plots have been subjected to all possible combinations of the following treatments: annually burned or unburned, annually mowed or unmowed, and annually fertilized (N and P) or unfertilized, totaling in eight treatments. European taxa were significantly more abundant in unburned plots in samples collected in both 1994 and 1997 (p = 0.03 and p = 0.07 respectively). Furthermore, analysis of the 1997 data indicated a greater proportion of the earthworm community was composed of native taxa in plots which were mowed (p = 0.08), and in plots which were not fertilized (p = 0.09). The accumulation of litter on the soil surface associated with absence of fire and/or grazing may be partly responsible for changes observed in the earthworm community. Our results suggest that land management practices may influence the suitability of these soils for European earthworms, and potential mechanisms for the differences observed in this study will be discussed.