After 6 years of intensive study, all the research studies designed to answer the information needs identified in appendix B of the Tongass land management plan have ended, with their results published or in press. The knowledge generated from these studies not only informs the ongoing process of regional natural resource management in southeast Alaska, but also helped to define future directions for research. Topics still needing additional study include issues related to wildlife, aquatic systems and salmon habitat, silvicultural options for forest management, wood products utilization, and social science. The role of science in supporting the development of options for natural resource management of the Tongass National Forest was carefully defined and implemented in order to maintain science objectivity and impartiality. The planning processes in southeast Alaska clearly exemplify a clear example of the recognition that natural resource plans need to be founded on the best available science. The complexity of ecosystems, including the scales at which they are organized and operate, require focused research to answer key questions in tandem with management decisions. Managers want the support of science institutions to bolster the effectiveness, predictability, and credibility of their decisions. The integration of science into the decision making process is far more prevalent today than it once was and will increase in the future as we move to refine management decisions based on a continually increasing body of science on which to base those decisions.