The national Fire and Fire Surrogate Study (FFS) was designed to develop and provide managers with better information on the consequences of alternative fuel reduction treatments in forest ecosystems. The study was initiated in early March 2000 with support by the USDA/USDI Joint Fire Science Program, and is a series of experiments that evaluate the consequences of prescribed fire and fuel reduction surrogates (cutting and mechanical treatments) for fuel reduction and forest restoration. The FFS study includes 13 separate sites nationwide (11 funded by the JFSP, 2 by the National Fire Plan, and 1 started with funding from the USDA NRI program) (fig. 1). All sites have a nearly identical study design, featuring at least three replications of four treatments: unmanipulated control, prescribed fire, thinning or some mechanical fuel treatment, and the combination of thin + fire. A total of 82 key variables was measured both pre- and post-treatment within large plots (~10 ha) at each of these sites in an effort to capture an interdisciplinary whole system response to treatment. At each FFS study site, stand structure and the fuel bed were measured to understand how treatments influenced prospective fire behavior. Biological, chemical, and physical components of the soil and forest floor were measured to understand how fuel reduction affected site productivity. Tree-killing bark beetles and disease were monitored to better understand the relationship between treatments and other disturbance agents. Whole unit and plot censuses of plant species and passerine birds were conducted to assess the impact of fuel reduction treatments on variables of value to society. The FFS study is thus a novel, highly organized, closely integrated multivariate, multi-site experiment. The multivariate information from this experiment provides managers better assess to knowledge of how fuel reduction treatments influence whole systems, leading to better understanding of the tradeoffs inherent in their decisions. The multi-site nature of the experiment allows identification of patterns of response, and will allow managers to understand how site-specific conditions influence response to treatment. The information from this study adds greatly to the body of knowledge about how fuel reduction and restoration management affect forests nationwide. A full Final Report listing outputs and products, and describing findings from single-disciplinary, multi-disciplinary, single site, and multi-site studies was submitted JFSP at the end of the first funding period in May 2006. In this Final Report, additional effort in multi-disciplinary and multi-site findings is emphasized.