The Research and Development (R&D) Wildland Fire and Fuels program at the Forest Service, an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, continues to be an internationally renowned program for generating critical and essential data, knowledge, and applications for all phases of wildland fire management and response. This report provides a primer on the breadth and depth of Forest Service wildland fire and fuels R&D and synthesizes the robust and diverse body of recent Forest Service fire research in the context of outcomes that have improved the wildland fire management and response in the United States.