Type
Topic
Region
Year
Displaying 176 - 200 of 202
Natural fires annually decimate up to 1% of the forested area in the boreal region of Quebec, and represent a major structuring force in the region, creating a mosaic of watersheds characterized by large variations in vegetation structure and composition. Here, we investigate…
Person:
Year: 2009
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Aquatic, Climate, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire History, Fire Occurrence, Fuels
Region(s): Alaska, California, Eastern, Great Basin, Hawaii, Northern Rockies, Northwest, Rocky Mountain, Southern, Southwest, International, National
Keywords: Abies balsamea, Betula papyrifera, boreal forests, Canada, C - carbon, carbon dioxide, coniferous forests, drainage, ecosystem dynamics, fire frequency, fire management, lakes, mosaic, nutrient cycling, nutrients, organic matter, Picea glauca, Picea mariana, Pinus banksiana, Populus tremuloides, Populus trichocarpa, Quebec, succession, water, watershed management, watersheds, wildfires, boreal, carbon dioxide flux, forest fire, lakes, organic carbon, plankton respiration, watershed
Boreal peatland ecosystems occupy about 3.5 million km2 of the earth's land surface and store between 250 and 455 Pg of carbon (C) as peat. While northern hemisphere boreal peatlands have functioned as net sinks for atmospheric C since the most recent deglaciation, natural and…
Person:
Year: 2009
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Aquatic, Climate, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire Occurrence, Fuels
Region(s): Alaska, California, Eastern, Great Basin, Hawaii, Northern Rockies, Northwest, Rocky Mountain, Southern, Southwest, International, National
Keywords: age classes, air temperature, Alberta, bark, biomass, black spruce, bogs, boreal forests, Canada, C - carbon, cover, disturbance, ecosystem dynamics, fire frequency, fire management, forest management, fuel accumulation, lakes, CH4 - methane, mosses, needles, nutrient cycling, peat, peatlands, Picea mariana, post fire recovery, roots, size classes, sphagnum, statistical analysis, succession, temperature, understory vegetation, vegetation surveys, watershed management, wildfires, black spruce, bog, boreal, Canada, carbon cycling, climate change, peatland, roots, sphagnum
Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), diatoms, pollen, charcoal, loss-on-ignition (LOI), and nutrient elements in lake sediments were used to assess important factors controlling Holocene changes in the total organic carbon (TOC) concentration, pCO2, color and pH of lake water in…
Person:
Year: 2007
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Aquatic, Climate, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire Occurrence
Region(s): International
Keywords: age classes, boreal forests, C - carbon, carbon dioxide, charcoal, Europe, fire frequency, fire management, fire size, humidity, ignition, lakes, nutrients, pH, pollen, sedimentation, statistical analysis, Sweden, temperature, vegetation surveys, water, watershed management, wildfires
At least three global-change phenomena are having major impacts on Amazonian forests: (1) accelerating deforestation and logging; (2) rapidly changing patterns of forest loss; and (3) interactions between human land-use and climatic variability. Additional alterations caused by…
Person:
Year: 2007
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Aquatic, Climate, Emissions and Smoke, Hazard and Risk, Restoration and Rehabilitation, Social Science
Region(s): International
Keywords: agriculture, Amazon, Brazil, C - carbon, carbon dioxide, deforestation, fire danger rating, fragmentation, hunting, hydrology, land use, logging, mining, multiple resource management, rainforests, rivers, roads, runoff, slash and burn, South America, Swietenia, tropical forests, wildfires
Tropical peatlands, which coexist with swamp forests, have accumulated vast amounts of carbon as soil organic matter. Since the 1970s, however, deforestation and drainage have progressed on an enormous scale. In addition, El Nino and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) drought and large…
Person:
Year: 2007
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Aquatic, Climate, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Ecology
Region(s): Alaska, California, Eastern, Great Basin, Hawaii, Northern Rockies, Northwest, Rocky Mountain, Southern, Southwest, National
Keywords: air temperature, C - carbon, carbon dioxide, croplands, decomposition, deforestation, drainage, droughts, ecosystem dynamics, ENSO, fire size, forest management, Indonesia, Kalimantan, leaves, organic matter, peat, peatlands, phenology, photosynthesis, precipitation, smoke effects, soil moisture, soil organic matter, soil temperature, tropical forests, watershed management, wildfires, CO2 balance, disturbance, drainage, drought, ENSO, fires, flux measurement, peat decomposition, Southeast Asia, tropical peat swamp forest
[no description entered]
Person:
Year: 2003
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Aquatic, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire History, Fuels, Models, Prescribed Fire
Region(s): International
Keywords: aborigines, agriculture, Australia, C - carbon, carbon dioxide, computer programs, conservation, cover type conversion, diameter classes, distribution, ecosystem dynamics, ecotones, eucalyptus, Eucalyptus microtheca, Excoecaria, fire exclusion, fire management, firing techniques, flammability, floods, forbs, grasses, grazing, ground cover, herbaceous vegetation, histories, humidity, ignition, introduced species, invasive species, land management, livestock, mortality, Northern Territory of Australia, photography, plant communities, plant growth, precipitation, range management, savannas, soil moisture, species diversity (plants), vegetation surveys, wetlands, wildfires, woody plants
Publisher Summary: Coarse woody debris (CWD) is an important component of temperate stream and forest ecosystems. This chapter reviews the rates at which CWD is added and removed from ecosystems, the biomass found in streams and forests, and many functions that CWD serves. CWD…
Person:
Year: 1986
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Aquatic, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fuels, Hazard and Risk, Models
Region(s): Alaska, California, Eastern, Great Basin, Hawaii, Northern Rockies, Northwest, Rocky Mountain, Southern, Southwest, International, National
Keywords: Abies amabilis, Alabama, Betula, biogeochemical cycles, biomass, Blarina brevicauda, Buprestidae, C - carbon, carbon dioxide, Cascades Range, catastrophic fires, cavity nesting birds, Cerambycidae, chemistry, coastal forests, coniferous forests, decay, deciduous forests, decomposition, diameter classes, Diptera, distribution, disturbance, drainage, ecosystem dynamics, Fagus, fishes, Florida, fragmentation, gases, Georgia, hardwoods, heavy fuels, Hymenoptera, Illinois, Indiana, invertebrates, Larix occidentalis, leaching, Lepidoptera, Liriodendron tulipifera, litter, logging, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, montane forests, mortality, Mustela, New England, nitrogen fixation, North Carolina, North Dakota, nutrient cycling, Oregon, organic matter, O - oxygen, Parus, Peromyscus, Picea, Picea engelmannii, Picea sitchensis, Pinus contorta, Pinus palustris, Pinus ponderosa, Populus tremuloides, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus, Quercus prinus, rainforests, riparian habitats, rivers, Scolytidae, sedimentation, Sequoia sempervirens, size classes, sloping terrain, small mammals, snags, Sorex, stand characteristics, streams, temperate forests, Tennessee, Texas, Thuja, tropical forests, Tsuga canadensis, Tsuga heterophylla, Virginia, Washington, water quality, West Virginia, wildfires, windthrows, woody fuels, Zapus
Black carbon (BC) may be a major component of riverine carbon exported to the ocean, but its flux from large rivers is unknown. Furthermore, the global distribution of BC between natural and anthropogenic sources remains uncertain. We have determined BC concentrations in…
Person:
Year: 2002
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Aquatic, Economics, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Economics
Region(s): Alaska, California, Eastern, Great Basin, Hawaii, Northern Rockies, Northwest, Rocky Mountain, Southern, Southwest, National
Keywords: aerosols, air quality, Arkansas, biomass, C - carbon, combustion, distribution, drainage, hydrocarbons, Louisiana, Mississippi, peat fires, rivers, runoff, sedimentation, soil management, soils, vegetation surveys, water, water quality, watershed management, watersheds
The Mortar Creek Fire burned 26 000 ha of mixed-conifer Rocky Mountain forest in July-August 1979. Changes in burn stream conditions were examined relative to reference streams for various ecological factors on two to six occasions, from October 1979 to August 1980. Factors…
Person:
Year: 2001
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Aquatic, Climate, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire History, Fuels, Intelligence
Region(s): Great Basin, Northern Rockies
Keywords: Abies lasiocarpa, algae, Betula occidentalis, C - carbon, charcoal, coniferous forests, disturbance, drainage, fire case histories, hydrology, Idaho, invertebrates, leaves, litter, nutrients, organic matter, particulates, Pinus albicaulis, Pinus ponderosa, Populus, Populus tremuloides, K - potassium, precipitation, Pseudotsuga menziesii, runoff, Salix, sampling, seasonal activities, sedimentation, statistical analysis, storms, streams, water, water quality, watershed management, watersheds, wilderness areas, wildfires
The frequency of fires in the Okavango Delta seasonal floodplains peaked at an intermediate frequency of flooding. Floodplains are commonly burnt every 3-5 years. This study showed fundamental changes in ecosystem properties due to burning. A burnt seasonal floodplain in the…
Person:
Year: 2010
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Communications, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Occurrence, Intelligence, Mapping, Monitoring and Inventory, Aquatic
Region(s): International
Keywords: Africa, biomass, Botswana, fire frequency, fire management, fishes, floods, litter, CH4 - methane, N - nitrogen, nutrients, O - oxygen, remote sensing, water, watershed management, wetlands, wildfires, seasonal floodplain, flood pulse, macrophyte, Okavango Delta, nutrients, zooplankton biomass, fish productivity
Savannas are the most common vegetation type in the tropics and subtropics, ranging in physiognomy from grasslands with scattered woody plants to woodlands with heterogeneous grass cover. Productivity and organic matter turnover in savannas are controlled by interactions between…
Person:
Year: 2006
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Aquatic, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire Occurrence, Fire Prevention, Fuels
Region(s): California, Great Basin, Hawaii, Southern, Southwest, International
Keywords: Acacia spp., Africa, Andropogon, Australia, biomass, Brazil, C - carbon, cerrado, cover, ecosystem dynamics, fine fuels, fire frequency, fire management, fire regimes, fire suppression, forest management, gases, grasses, grasslands, grazing, herbaceous vegetation, land management, land use, N - nitrogen, nutrient cycling, organic matter, phosphorus, population density, post fire recovery, Prosopis glandulosa, savannas, soil management, soil nutrients, South Africa, South America, streams, S - sulfur, suppression, surface fires, Trachypogon, tropical regions, water, woody plants, cerrado, Llanos, mesquite, N - nitrogen, savannas, trace gases
The southeastern United States is replete with rich biological diversity in ecosystems ranging from bald cypress bayous and fire-dependent longleaf pine savannas, to high elevation spruce-fir forests. Yet global change will likely impact these systems in numerous ways.…
Person:
Year: 2003
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Aquatic, Climate, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Occurrence, Models
Region(s): Southern
Keywords: agriculture, air quality, Appalachian Mountains, bogs, C - carbon, carbon dioxide, community ecology, cover type conversion, droughts, ecosystem dynamics, elevation, everglades, fire frequency, fire regimes, Florida, forest types, climate change, habitat conversion, introduced species, invasive species, longleaf pine, N - nitrogen, North Carolina, Odocoileus virginianus, pH, pine forests, population ecology, precipitation, regeneration, runoff, savannas, soil nutrients, streams, succession, temperature, trees, understory vegetation, wetlands
(1) We used dendrochronology to reconstruct the transfer of coarse woody debris across a forest-stream interface in a fire-prone boreal landscape. A sequence of regulating factors was considered from source to sink of in-stream woody debris (SWD), including fire history at the…
Person:
Year: 2007
Type: Document
Source: FRAMES, TTRS
Topic(s): Aquatic, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire History, Fire Occurrence, Fuels, Intelligence
Region(s): International
Keywords: Canada, woody debris, boreal landscape, disturbance severity, ecosystem resilience, Quebec, riparian forest, SWD - in-stream woody debris, ecosystem coupling, forest-stream interface, lateral flow, nonlinear ecosystem dynamics, source-sink dynamics, BEHAVE, boreal forests, conifers, decay, dendrochronology, disturbance, ecosystem dynamics, erosion, fire case histories, fire frequency, fire intensity, fire management, fire scar analysis, forest management, litter, population density, post-fire recovery, residence time, riparian habitats, seed dispersal, seeds, serotiny, statistical analysis, wood, woody plants
Traditional biogeochernical theories suggest that ecosystem nitrogen retention is controlled by biotic N limitation, that stream N losses should increase with successional age, and that increasing N deposition will accelerate this process. These theories ignore the role of…
Person:
Year: 2000
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Aquatic, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire History
Region(s): Eastern
Keywords: Abies balsamea, Acer saccharum, air quality, Betula alleghaniensis, Betula papyrifera, biogeochemical cycles, C - carbon, chemistry, cover, disturbance, ecosystem dynamics, Fagus grandifolia, forest management, hardwood forests, logging, mountains, New England, New Hampshire, New York, N - nitrogen, old growth forests, Picea rubens, Pinus strobus, Populus, slash, soil leaching, streamflow, streams, succession, Tsuga canadensis, watersheds
Prescribed fire is a valuable tool utilized in the management of wildlife habitat, range, forestry, watershed, fuels, and fire dependent vegetation communities. Although most impacts are beneficial, some adverse impacts must be mitigated. Specificially, air quality, water qulity…
Person:
Year: 1981
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Administration, Aquatic, Aviation, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fuels, Logistics, Models, Planning, Prescribed Fire, Social Science, Weather
Region(s): California, Great Basin
Keywords: aerial ignition, air quality, backfires, brush, CO2 - carbon dioxide, CO - carbon monoxide, chaparral, combustion, crown scorch, disturbance, escape cover, fire injuries (animals), fire injuries (plants), fire intensity, fire management, firebreaks, firing techniques, fuel management, headfires, hydrocarbons, land management, low intensity burns, mortality, multiple resource management, N - nitrogen, particulates, plant communities, plant physiology, pollution, post-fire recovery, rate of spread, riparian habitats, runoff, season of fire, sedimentation, site treatments, smoke effects, soil erosion, soil management, soil moisture, soil nutrients, soil organic matter, soils, streamflow, streams, threatened and endangered species (plants), topography, vegetation surveys, vulnerable species or communities, water, water quality, water repellent soils, watershed management, watersheds, wildlife
[no description entered]
Person:
Year: 1990
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Aquatic, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fuels, Intelligence, Models, Outreach, Prescribed Fire, Social Science
Region(s): Great Basin, Northwest
Keywords: aesthetics, age classes, air quality, biomass, clearcutting, community ecology, coniferous forests, conservation, decay, ecosystem dynamics, education, erosion, experimental areas, forest management, forest types, hardwood forests, litter, logging, moisture, multiple resource management, national forests, N - nitrogen, old growth forests, Oregon, organic matter, overstory, plant growth, pollution, post fire recovery, Pseudotsuga menziesii, public information, runoff, size classes, slash, soil nutrients, soil organic matter, soils, species diversity (plants), state forests, Strix occidentalis, Washington
[no description entered]
Person:
Year: 1989
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Aquatic, Climate, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Ecology, Fuels, Mapping, Planning
Region(s): Rocky Mountain
Keywords: ash, bibliographies, chemistry, community ecology, crown fires, disturbance, ecosystem dynamics, erosion, fire case histories, fire intensity, fire management, fishes, floods, fuel moisture, grasslands, habitat types, hydrology, lakes, landscape ecology, litter, logging, mortality, mosaic, multiple resource management, N - nitrogen, nutrient cycling, organic matter, overstory, post fire recovery, recreation, regeneration, riparian habitats, runoff, scrub, sedimentation, smoke effects, statistical analysis, streamflow, streams, succession, topography, water quality, watersheds, wildfires, wildlife, woody plants, Wyoming, Yellowstone National Park
[no description entered]
Person:
Year: 1982
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Aquatic, Economics, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fuels, Economics
Region(s): Alaska, California, Eastern, Great Basin, Hawaii, Northern Rockies, Northwest, Rocky Mountain, Southern, Southwest, International, National
Keywords: agriculture, air quality, ash, biomass, carbon dioxide, charcoal, combustion, conifers, decay, deserts, diameter classes, energy, fuel moisture, gases, grasslands, hardwoods, heat, hydrogen, lakes, land use, logging, N - nitrogen, photosynthesis, pine, plant growth, plant nutrients, scrub, site treatments, slash, soil nutrients, streams, wetlands, wood, wood chemistry
Various studies report changes in phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations in surface waters after wildfires; however, we have found no reports which include nutrient data collected during actual wildfire activity. We had an opportunity to collect water chemistry data from several…
Person:
Year: 1991
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Aquatic, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology
Region(s): Northern Rockies
Keywords: ash, catastrophic fires, chemistry, fire intensity, gases, hydrology, leaching, lightning caused fires, Montana, N - nitrogen, nutrients, particulates, phosphorus, pine forests, Pinus contorta, plant diseases, post fire recovery, sampling, smoke effects, streams, volatilization, water, watershed management, watersheds, wildfires, wind
The effects of a late-summer prescribed burn on the chemistry of a second-order mountain stream in the south-western Cape, South Africa, were investigated. Nitrate concentrations in stream water were significantly higher during the winter of the post-burn year. Increased…
Person:
Year: 1991
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Aquatic, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Effects, Prescribed Fire
Region(s): International
Keywords: Africa, calcium, chemical elements, chemistry, hydrogen, magnesium, mountains, N - nitrogen, nutrient cycling, nutrients, K - potassium, precipitation, runoff, soil nutrients, South Africa, streams, water, water quality
Logging slash on 73 clearcuts in the western larch/Douglas-fir forest of western Montana was broadcast burned over a wide range of environmental conditions. A broad array of fire intensities and effects was achieved. A severe wildfire was also evaluated and compared to the…
Person:
Year: 1981
Type: Document
Source: FRAMES, TTRS
Topic(s): Aquatic, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire Prevention, Fuels, Hazard and Risk, Prescribed Fire
Region(s): Northern Rockies
Keywords: Douglas-fir, fire management, Pseudotsuga menziesii, clearcutting, larch, Larix spp., Abies lasiocarpa, Abies grandis, aesthetics, air quality, Arnica latifolia, ash, bibliographies, broadcast burning, Calamagrostis rubescens, calcium, catastrophic fires, cavity nesting birds, chemistry, Clintonia, competition, coniferous forests, decay, dominance, drought, duff, Epilobium angustifolium, erosion, Eutamias ruficaudus, fine fuels, fire hazard reduction, fire intensity, forest management, fuel appraisal, fuel inventory, fuel loading, fuel moisture, ground cover, herbaceous vegetation, Larix occidentalis, light, logging, low intensity burns, magnesium, Microtus longicaudus, mineral soil, Montana, N - nitrogen, nutrient cycling, nutrients, old growth forest, organic matter, Peromyscus maniculatus, pH, phosphorus, Picea engelmannii, Pinus ponderosa, plant growth, population density, post-fire recovery, K - potassium, precipitation, raptors, rate of spread, regeneration, runoff, season of fire, sedimentation, seed dispersal, seed germination, seed production, seedlings, seeds, shrubs, slash, small mammals, smoke behavior, smoke management, sodium, soil erosion, soil nutrients, soil organic matter, soil permeability, soils, statistical analysis, succession, Thuja plicata, Vaccinium globulare, volatilization, water, water repellent soils, watershed management, watersheds, wildlife, wildlife food habits, wildlife habitat management, Xerophyllum tenax
We investigated long-term consequences of modified fire and climate regimes on ecosystems for a landscape in Glacier National Park, Montana, using the mechanistic forest successional model, Fire-BGC (a Fire BioGeoChemical succession model). Changes in various ecosystem…
Person:
Year: 1998
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Aquatic, Climate, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire History, Fuels, Models
Region(s): Northern Rockies, Rocky Mountain
Keywords: Abies lasiocarpa, biomass, C - carbon, coniferous forests, decomposition, duff, fire exclusion, fire regimes, fuel loading, histories, landscape ecology, Larix occidentalis, litter, Montana, mortality, national parks, organic matter, photosynthesis, Picea engelmannii, pine forests, Pinus albicaulis, Pinus contorta, Pinus monticola, Populus tremuloides, Pseudotsuga menziesii, runoff, seed dispersal, succession, Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla, watersheds, wilderness fire management, wildfires
Wood versus fossil fuel as a source of excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere: a preliminary report
If the amounts of wood consumed in deforestation to increase agricultural land and as firewood in underindustrialized countries are added to the amount consumed by the money economics as forest products, the estimates of the net amount of wood removed from the biosphere in this…
Person:
Year: 1977
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Aquatic, Economics, Emissions and Smoke, Fuels, Models, Prescribed Fire, Economics
Region(s): International
Keywords: agriculture, air quality, Brazil, C - carbon, carbon dioxide, chemistry, clearcutting, deforestation, energy, forest management, forest products, fuel types, glaciers, habitat conversion, human caused fires, rainforests, regeneration, sedimentation, South America, tropical forests, wood, woody fuels
A record of prehistoric and historic burning of carbonaceous materials may be found in the elemental carbon contents of the sedimentary columns. The widespread dissemination of such carbon as microcrystalline graphite is indicated by its presence in atmospheric dusts collected…
Person:
Year: 1973
Type: Document
Source: FRAMES, TTRS
Topic(s): Aquatic, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Effects, Fire History, Fuels
Region(s): International
Keywords: C - carbon, marine sediments, aerosols, ash, charcoal, combustion, coniferous forests, dust, energy, fossils, fuel types, gases, geology, glaciers, hardwood forest, manganese, Mediterranean habitats, minerals, particulates, savannas, sedimentation, soils, soot, temperature, tropical forest, tundra, wildfires, wind, wood chemistry
The effects of fire on nutrient release in wetlands prior to, during and afterwards are notably rare. We initiated a long-term and large-scale ecosystem study, driven by a large restoration program, to assess ecological effects of repeated fires on a nutrient-enriched, cattail-…
Person:
Year: 2010
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Fire Ecology, Aquatic, Emissions and Smoke, Prescribed Fire, Restoration and Rehabilitation
Region(s): Southern
Keywords: ash, Cladium jamaicense, conservation, ecosystem dynamics, everglades, fire frequency, fire management, Florida, Germany, germination, leaves, litter, nutrients, O - oxygen, particulates, pH, phosphorus, plant growth, post fire recovery, range management, rangelands, Salix caroliniana, sampling, seed dormancy, seed germination, smoke effects, soil nutrients, temperature, Typha, water, watershed management, wetlands, surface water, pore water, total phosphorus, TDP, TDKN, DIC, periphyton, seed germination