Type
Topic
Region
Year
Displaying 1 - 25 of 109
During early July 2002, wildfires burned ∼1 × 106 ha of forest in Quebec, Canada. The resultant smoke plume was seen in satellite images blanketing the U.S. east coast. Concurrently, extremely high CO mixing ratios were observed at the Atmospheric Investigation, Regional…
Person:
Year: 2004
Type: Document
Source: FRAMES
Topic(s): Emissions and Smoke, Fire Effects, Fire Occurrence
Region(s): Eastern, International
Keywords: Quebec, air pollution, CO - carbon monoxide, AIRMAP, aerosol
The germination requirements of a broad spectrum of common species found in grassy woodlands and forests in the New England region of northern New South Wales were tested in a series of replicated growth-cabinet experiments. The effects of dark/diurnal light and smoke/no smoke…
Person:
Year: 2000
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Emissions and Smoke, Fire Effects
Region(s): International
Keywords: heat effects, smoke effects, herbaceous vegetation, light, seed germination, transpiration, New South Wales, Australia, forest management
We assessed the impact of forest fire on the nesting success of the endemic Red-knobbed Hornbill Aceros cassidix in north Sulawesi, Indonesia. Pre- and post-fire breeding activity was monitored at 60 nest trees. Low rainfall and possible reductions in fruit abundance did not…
Person:
Year: 2000
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Fire Effects, Emissions and Smoke
Region(s): International
Keywords: heat effects, smoke effects, wildfires, habits and behavior, nesting, nongame birds, population density, reproduction, Indonesia, fire management, wildlife habitat management, Indonesia, wildfires, nesting, habits and behavior, nongame birds
Old-growth savannas and forests dominated by longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) are of great conservation and research interest. Comprehensive inventories of old-growth communities, however, are lacking for most of longleaf pine's natural range. We searched the literature,…
Person:
Year: 2004
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Economics, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire History, Fire Prevention, Fuels, Hazard and Risk, Regulations and Legislation, Restoration and Rehabilitation, Social Science, Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI)
Region(s): Southern
Keywords: age classes, Alabama, amphibians, bibliographies, biogeography, carnivorous plants, cavity nesting birds, coastal plain, Colinus virginianus, conservation, conservation easements, Cumberland Plateau, Dasypus novemcinctus, diameter classes, distribution, disturbance, duff, fire danger rating, fire exclusion, fire injuries (plants), fire management, fire regimes, fire suppression, flatwoods, Florida, forest management, fuel accumulation, Georgia, Gopherus polyphemus, ground cover, ground fires, histories, Imperata cylindrica, introduced species, invasive species, invertebrates, keystone species, land use, landscape ecology, light, Liqustrum sinese, logging, Longleaf Alliance, longleaf pine, Lonicera japonica, Louisiana, Lygodium, military lands, Mississippi, mountains, national forests, native species (plants), natural areas management, nongame birds, North Carolina, old growth forests, partial cutting, Picoides borealis, Piedmont, pine forests, Pinus palustris, plant communities, plantations, presettlement vegetation, private lands, Red Hills, reptiles, sandhills, Sapium sebiferum, savannas, South Carolina, species diversity (animals), species diversity (plants), stand characteristics, state forests, surface fires, Tall Timbers Research Station, Texas, threatened and endangered species (animals), threatened and endangered species (plants), vegetation surveys, Virginiana, vulnerable species or communities, Wade Tract, wildfires, wildlife refuges, Wisteria
Heavy smoke from forest fires in the Amazon was observed to reduce cloud droplet size and so delay the onset of precipitation from 1.5 kilometers above cloud base in pristine clouds to more than 5 kilometers in polluted clouds and more than 7 kilometers in pyro-clouds.…
Person:
Year: 2004
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Climate, Communications, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Effects, Intelligence, Mapping, Monitoring and Inventory, Restoration and Rehabilitation
Region(s): International
Keywords: aerosols, air quality, Amazon, biogeochemical cycles, biomass, Brazil, chemical compounds, deforestation, fire management, GIS, particulates, pollution, precipitation, remote sensing, smoke behavior, smoke effects, smoke management, South America, storms, wildfires
[no description entered]
Person:
Year: 2004
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Climate, Economics, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire History, Fire Prevention, Fuels, Hazard and Risk, Intelligence, Logistics, Prescribed Fire, Regulations and Legislation, Restoration and Rehabilitation, Safety
Region(s): Alaska, California, Eastern, Great Basin, Hawaii, Northern Rockies, Northwest, Rocky Mountain, Southern, Southwest, National
Keywords: aesthetics, biomass, catastrophic fires, combustion, European settlement, fire case histories, fire control, fire equipment, fire management, fire regimes, fire suppression, firefighting personnel, land use, landscape ecology, national forests, national parks, private lands, wilderness fire management, wildfires
Biomass burning constitutes a major contribution to global emissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, greenhouse gases and aerosols. Furthermore, biomass burning has an impact on health, transport, the environment and land use. Vegetation fires are certainly not…
Person:
Year: 2004
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Climate, Communications, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire Occurrence, Intelligence, Mapping, Monitoring and Inventory
Region(s): Alaska, California, Eastern, Great Basin, Hawaii, Northern Rockies, Northwest, Rocky Mountain, Southern, Southwest, International, National
Keywords: aerosols, Africa, air quality, Asia, biomass, Canada, carbon dioxide, CO - carbon monoxide, Central America, ecosystem dynamics, Europe, fire frequency, fire management, human caused fires, Italy, land use, CH4 - methane, natural areas management, nutrient cycling, Portugal, remote sensing, Russia, season of fire, statistical analysis, United Kingdom, vegetation surveys, wildfires
Needs for analytical tools, the roles existing tools play, the processes they represent, and how they might interact are elements of key findings generated during a workshop held in Seattle February 17-18, 1999. The workshop was attended by 26 Joint Fire Science Program (JFSP)…
Person:
Year: 2000
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Economics, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Effects, Fire Occurrence, Fire Prevention, Fuels, Hazard and Risk, Models, Monitoring and Inventory, Social Science, Weather
Region(s): Great Basin
Keywords: catastrophic fires, computer programs, digital data collection, diseases, disturbance, fire frequency, fire hazard reduction, fire intensity, fire management, fire regimes, fire size, fuel accumulation, fuel inventory, fuel management, fuel models, grasses, Idaho, ignition, insects, JFSP - Joint Fire Science Program, mosaic, multiple resource management, overstory, rate of spread, shrubs, site treatments, smoke behavior, smoke effects, smoke management, snags, soils, surface fuels, understory vegetation, wildlife habitat management
Fuels maps are a fundamental part of fire management activities such as prescribed fire planning, suppression strategies, smoke management, and fire effects. The constraints imposed by fiscal and human resources make it desirable to have a method that can rapidly and objectively…
Person:
Year: 2000
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Communications, Economics, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Effects, Fire Prevention, Fuels, Intelligence, Mapping, Models, Monitoring and Inventory, Prescribed Fire
Region(s): Rocky Mountain
Keywords: Abies lasiocarpa, cover, cover type, croplands, crowns, deciduous forests, evergreens, fire intensity, fire management, fire suppression, fuel accumulation, fuel inventory, GIS, grasses, grasslands, habitat types, herbaceous vegetation, Idaho, JFSP - Joint Fire Science Program, land use, leaves, mosaic, mountains, photography, Picea engelmannii, Pinus contorta, population density, precipitation, Pseudotsuga menziesii, remote sensing, rocky habitats, shrublands, smoke management, statistical analysis, suppression, understory vegetation, urban habitats, wetlands, woody plants, Wyoming, land cover, fire fuels, remote sensing, Landsat, aerial photography, NLCD (National Land Cover Data) SET, LEAF-ON and LEAF-OFF TM MOSAICS, barrens
The Nature Conservancy, World Wide Fund for Nature and IUCN have pledged to work together and with partners to address the causes and ecological and social consequences of altered fire regimes across the world. The partners sponsored an experts workshop in May 2004 where we…
Person:
Year: 2004
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Climate, Economics, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire History, Fire Occurrence, Fire Prevention, Fuels, Hazard and Risk, Models, Prescribed Fire, Restoration and Rehabilitation, Social Science
Region(s): Great Basin, International
Keywords: Africa, agriculture, Asia, Australia, biomass, boreal forests, Bromus tectorum, catastrophic fires, conservation, croplands, ecosystem dynamics, energy, fire adaptations (animals), fire adaptations (plants), fire damage (property), fire dependent species, fire frequency, fire intensity, fire management, fire regimes, fire sensitive plants, fire size, fire suppression, forbs, forest types, fragmentation, fuel accumulation, fuel management, Ghana, climate change, grasses, grasslands, grazing, greenhouse gases, habitat conversion, habitat suitability, habitat types, health factors, human caused fires, hunting, ignition, incendiary fires, invasive species, lightning caused fires, livestock, logging, moisture, post fire recovery, rural communities, savannas, species diversity (animals), species diversity (plants), temperature, thinning, tropical forests, wildfires, altered fire regimes, fire-dependent ecosystems, LANDFIRE, anthropogenic effects, PRIORITY ECOREGIONS
Prescribed fire was tested as a potential tool for site preparation and for reducing fire hazard after clearcut logging in dark coniferous forests in Siberia. Experimental burns were conducted on 8 sites to evaluate the practicality of fire use and effects of prescribed fires on…
Person:
Year: 2000
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Effects, Fire Prevention, Fuels, Hazard and Risk, Models, Prescribed Fire, Regulations and Legislation, Restoration and Rehabilitation, Weather
Region(s): International
Keywords: aerosols, air quality, artificial regeneration, Asia, BEHAVE, boreal forests, carbon dioxide, CO - carbon monoxide, clearcutting, coniferous forests, disturbance, experimental areas, experimental fires, fire hazard reduction, fire intensity, fire management, flame length, forest management, fuel loading, fuel moisture, hydrocarbons, logging, low intensity burns, CH4 - methane, Pinus sylvestris, post fire recovery, rate of spread, regeneration, Russia, sampling, Siberia, slash, surface fires, wind, woody fuels
[no description entered]
Person:
Year: 2004
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Administration, Aquatic, Climate, Economics, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire History, Fire Prevention, Hazard and Risk, Intelligence, Planning, Restoration and Rehabilitation, Safety, Social Science, Economics
Region(s): Rocky Mountain
Keywords: catastrophic fires, Colorado, coniferous forests, ecosystem dynamics, fire case histories, fire damage (property), fire injuries (humans), fire management, fire size, fire suppression, floods, forest management, forest products, health factors, liability, logging, multiple resource management, national forests, Pinus ponderosa, post fire recovery, recreation related fires, season of fire, sedimentation, site treatments, smoke behavior, smoke effects, smoke management, soil erosion, soils, statistical analysis, storms, US Forest Service, water quality, water repellent soils, watersheds, wildfires
[no description entered]
Person:
Year: 2004
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Administration, Economics, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire Occurrence, Fire Prevention, Fuels, Hazard and Risk, Models, Planning, Prescribed Fire, Regulations and Legislation, Social Science, Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI)
Region(s): Great Basin
Keywords: burning intervals, fire damage (property), fire frequency, fire hazard reduction, fire management, fire suppression, forest management, forest products, fragmentation, fuel loading, fuel management, Healthy Forests Initiative, human caused fires, land use, landscape ecology, liability, prescribed fires (escaped), private lands, smoke behavior, smoke management, statistical analysis, US Forest Service, vegetation surveys, wildfires
From the text ... 'Knowing the current status of the historical fire regimes is critical for land management planning. ...Over the past century, forested area with low-severity fire potential has declined by more than 80 percent. ...During the presettlement era, stands in the…
Person:
Year: 2004
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire History, Fire Occurrence, Hazard and Risk, Intelligence
Region(s): Alaska, California, Eastern, Great Basin, Hawaii, Northern Rockies, Northwest, Rocky Mountain, Southern, Southwest, National
Keywords: Abies grandis, Abies lasiocarpa, age classes, catastrophic fires, coniferous forests, fire case histories, fire frequency, fire injuries (plants), fire intensity, fire management, fire regimes, fire scar analysis, forest management, land management, Montana, montane forests, mortality, mosaic, Native Americans, Oregon, Pinus contorta, Pinus ponderosa, post fire recovery, presettlement fires, Pseudotsuga menziesii, statistical analysis, subalpine forests, surface fires, Thuja plicata, trees, Tsuga heterophylla, understory vegetation, Utah, vegetation surveys, Washington, wildfires, Wyoming
From the text ... 'Wildfires have had a high impact on Botswana's environment, destroying both forest and rangeland resources. ...Prescribed burning is practiced in State forest reserves, national parks, and game reserves to reduce highly flammable fine fuels on the forest floor…
Person:
Year: 2004
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Aquatic, Climate, Economics, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire Occurrence, Fire Prevention, Fuels, Hazard and Risk, Intelligence, Logistics, Outreach, Prescribed Fire, Regulations and Legislation, Safety, Social Science
Region(s): International
Keywords: Africa, agriculture, arid regions, Baikiaea, Botswana, conservation, crown fires, deserts, ecosystem dynamics, education, environmental impact analysis, fine fuels, fire control, fire damage (property), fire danger rating, fire equipment, fire frequency, fire injuries (animals), fire intensity, fire management, fire size, firebreaks, firefighting personnel, flammability, fuel loading, grasses, ground fires, heat, human caused fires, humidity, hunting, landscape ecology, leaves, litter, logging, mortality, national parks, precipitation, public information, riparian habitats, runoff, savannas, season of fire, smoke effects, soil erosion, soil nutrients, state forests, surface fires, temperature, topography, Washington, water, wildfires, wind
From the text ... ''It will be a long time before those woods, more relentless than the waters, give up their dead.' -- C.E.Robinson, 1872 ...The drought was mild compared to the times leading up to other historically great fires in the Midwest. ...Surface fires scorched tree…
Person:
Year: 2004
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Climate, Economics, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire History, Fire Occurrence, Fuels, Hazard and Risk, Intelligence, Logistics, Mapping, Outreach, Prescribed Fire, Safety, Social Science, Weather, Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI)
Region(s): Alaska, California, Eastern, Great Basin, Hawaii, Northern Rockies, Northwest, Rocky Mountain, Southern, Southwest, International, National
Keywords: Acer, air quality, air temperature, Arizona, bark, Betula, blowups, bogs, Canada, catastrophic fires, Colorado, combustion, coniferous forests, convection, crown fires, crown scorch, crowns, Cupressaceae, dead fuels, deciduous forests, droughts, duff, education, energy, evergreens, Fagus grandifolia, fire case histories, fire damage (property), fire danger rating, fire exclusion, fire frequency, fire growth, fire injuries (humans), fire intensity, fire management, fire sensitive plants, fire whirls, firebrands, firebreaks, firefighting personnel, flammability, forage, forest fragmentation, forest products, Fraxinus, fuel appraisal, fuel management, gases, heat, human caused fires, humidity, ignition, Illinois, leaves, lightning caused fires, logging, Maine, Michigan, mineral soils, Minnesota, mortality, mosaic, Nebraska, New Brunswick, New England, old growth forests, Ontario, overstory, Picea, Picea glauca, Picea mariana, Pinus banksiana, Pinus resinosa, Pinus strobus, precipitation, presettlement fires, public information, Quercus, radiation, rate of spread, rivers, season of fire, smoke behavior, smoke effects, snags, soils, spontaneous combustion, spot fires, stand characteristics, storms, surface fires, surface fuels, temperature, topography, Ulmus, understory vegetation, vortices, Washington, water, wilderness areas, wilderness fire management, wildfires, wind, Wisconsin, wood, woody fuels
From the text ... 'The Sioux and Cheyenne traditionally set fire to the prairie as they moved their summer camps in pursuit of game. ...The Great Sioux War provides a sharp contrast in how two different cultures with diverse values and objectives utilized fire. ...Many fires set…
Person:
Year: 2004
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Climate, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Effects, Fire History, Fuels, Prescribed Fire, Weather
Region(s): Alaska, California, Eastern, Great Basin, Hawaii, Northern Rockies, Northwest, Rocky Mountain, Southern, Southwest, National
Keywords: backfires, Black Hills, disturbance, droughts, ecotones, fire management, forage, fuel types, heat effects, histories, human caused fires, hunting, ignition, land use, lightning caused fires, Montana, Native Americans, prairies, precipitation, rangelands, smoke effects, South Dakota, storms, topography, Washington, wilderness areas, wilderness fire management, wildfires, wind, Wyoming
Seasonal tropospheric distributions of ozone, carbon monoxide and aerosols and their relationship with sources over southern Africa are compared for two airborne sampling campaigns during southern hemisphere spring 1992 (SAFARI-92) and autumn 1994 (SAFARI-94). Average trace gas…
Person:
Year: 2000
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Climate, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Effects
Region(s): International
Keywords: biomass burning, season of fire, smoke effects, wildfires, aerosols, air quality, CO - carbon monoxide, gases, ozone, South Africa, Africa, fire management, forest management, smoke management
A summary report by Alaska Fire Service personnel on the record season of 2004 in Alaska, including statistics, smoke impacts, and research conducted during the fire season. Poster presentation at Mixed-Severity Fire Regimes Conference, Spokane, WA Nov. 17-19, 2004.
Person:
Year: 2004
Type: Document
Source: FRAMES
Topic(s): Climate, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Effects, Fire Occurrence, Weather
Region(s): Alaska
Keywords: 2004 fire season, fire severity, AFS - Alaska Fire Service, climate change
This study evaluates the effects of alternative fuels treatment options on wildfire acres, smoke emissions, and landscape composition, on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. It is part of the Pacific Southwest Research Station's 'Risk-Based Comparison of Potential Fuel Treatment…
Person: Schreuder, Schaaf, Wiitala, Weise
Year: 2004
Type: Media
Source: FRAMES
Topic(s): Emissions and Smoke, Fire Effects, Fuels, Models
Region(s): Alaska
Keywords: FETM - Fire Effects Tradeoff Model, fuel reduction treatments, landscape composition, beetle kill, forest succession modeling, white spruce, Picea glauca
We characterized recent historical and current vegetation composition and structure of a representative sample of subwatersheds on all ownerships within the interior Columbia River basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. For each selected subwatershed, we constructed…
Person:
Year: 2000
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire History, Fuels, Hazard and Risk, Mapping, Prescribed Fire, Social Science, Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI)
Region(s): Alaska, California, Eastern, Great Basin, Hawaii, Northern Rockies, Northwest, Rocky Mountain, Southern, Southwest, National
Keywords: Abies grandis, Arceuthobium americanum, arthropods, bark, catastrophic fires, coniferous forests, conifers, cover, cover type, cover type conversion, croplands, crown fires, diseases, disturbance, ecosystem dynamics, fire dependent species, fire exclusion, fire regimes, forest management, fuel loading, herbaceous vegetation, histories, Idaho, insects, landscape ecology, light, Montana, mountains, Oregon, overstory, Pinus ponderosa, plant diseases, Pseudotsuga menziesii, rivers, shrublands, smoke management, species diversity (plants), succession, trees, Washington, watersheds, wildfires, change detection, landscape assessment, spatial patterns, reference variation, ecosystem health, forest health, fire exclusion, disturbance regimes
The results of a survey concerning National Forest System prescribed burning activity and costs from 1985 to 1995 are examined. Ninety-five of one hundred and fourteen national forests responded. Acreage burned and costs for conducting burns are reported for four types of…
Person:
Year: 2000
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Economics, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire History, Fire Prevention, Fuels, Hazard and Risk, Intelligence, Outreach, Prescribed Fire, Regulations and Legislation, Restoration and Rehabilitation, Social Science, Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI)
Region(s): Eastern, Great Basin, Northwest, Southern
Keywords: agriculture, air quality, arthropods, brush, burning permits, coniferous forests, ecosystem dynamics, education, environmental impact analysis, fire hazard reduction, fire management, fire size, forest management, fuel loading, fuel management, game birds, grasses, grasslands, grazing, hardwood forests, ignition, insects, liability, logging, national forests, natural resource legislation, nongame birds, pine forests, prescribed fires (chance ignition), public information, range management, rangelands, reforestation, slash, slash and burn, smoke management, statistical analysis, threatened and endangered species (animals), threatened and endangered species (plants), vegetation surveys, wildfires, wildlife habitat management
From the text (p.246) ... 'A quail hunting plantation manager must have a broad knowledge of agriculture, timber management and forestry, wildlife management, how to train hunting dogs (both pointing and retrieving), and horsemanship. They must be skilled at direction and…
Person:
Year: 2000
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Economics, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Effects, Prescribed Fire, Regulations and Legislation, Social Science, Economics
Region(s): Southern
Keywords: agriculture, Colinus virginianus, conservation, croplands, hunting, land management, land use, logging, multiple resource management, natural resource legislation, nesting, north Florida, pine forests, plantations, population density, season of fire, seasonal activities, site treatments, smoke management, south Georgia, wetlands, wildlife, wildlife management
From the text...'Next time you have concerns about burning, remember that selective herbicides can reduce the frequency and intensity of prescribed fires. The wildlife on your land will thank you for the increased diversity of plants they need, and your neighbors will thank you…
Person:
Year: 2000
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Effects, Fire Occurrence, Prescribed Fire
Region(s): Southern
Keywords: fire frequency, fire intensity, fire management, forest management, herbicides, season of fire, smoke management, understory vegetation, vegetation surveys, wildlife
Stand-replacing prescribed fires are recommended to regenerate stands of Table Mountain pine (Pinus pungens) in the southern Appalachian Mountains because the species has serotinous cones and its seedlings require abundant sunlight and a thin forest floor. A 350-hectare…
Person:
Year: 2000
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Climate, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire Prevention, Fuels, Hazard and Risk, Prescribed Fire
Region(s): Southern
Keywords: Acer rubrum, Appalachian Mountains, backing fires, Carya, catastrophic fires, cones, coniferous forests, crown fires, Dendroctonus frontalis, duff, fire exclusion, fire intensity, fire management, fire suppression, Georgia, hardwood forests, human caused fires, Kalmia latifolia, lightning caused fires, litter, mesic soils, mineral soils, mountains, Nyssa sylvatica, overstory, Oxydendrum arboreum, Pinus pungens, Pinus rigida, population density, post fire recovery, Quercus prinus, regeneration, roots, Sassafras albidum, seed dispersal, seedlings, serotiny, shrubs, site treatments, smoke management, soil management, stand characteristics, trees, understory vegetation, fire intensity, Pinus pungens, southern Appalachian Mountains, Table Mountain pine