Type
Topic
Region
Year
Displaying 201 - 225 of 476
From the text... 'What may be even more surprising is that Georgia has bragging rights when it comes to old-growth longleaf pine forest. Of the old growth remaining in the forest*s historic nine-state range, almost 30 percent is in Georgia. Researchers estimate that when…
Person:
Year: 2001
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Economics, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire History, Fire Prevention, Fuels, Intelligence, Outreach, Prescribed Fire, Regulations and Legislation, Restoration and Rehabilitation, Social Science, Economics
Region(s): Southern
Keywords: agriculture, air quality, Alabama, amphibians, Aristida beyrichiana, coastal plain, conservation, deciduous forests, eastern Texas, ecosystem dynamics, education, fire dependent species, fire management, fire suppression, Florida, forest management, game birds, Georgia, grasses, grasslands, ground cover, herbaceous vegetation, histories, Jones Ecological Research Center, land use, logging, Longleaf Alliance, longleaf pine, Louisiana, Michigan, military lands, national forests, natural resource legislation, Neel, L., North Carolina, north Florida, old growth forests, pine forests, Pinus palustris, plantations, private lands, public information, reptiles, sandhills, savannas, South Carolina, south Georgia, species diversity (animals), species diversity (plants), Tall Timbers Research Station, Texas, urban habitats, Virginia, Wade Tract, wildlife
From Web Document, Executive Summary... ' Premise This strategy is based on the premise that sustainable resources are predicated on healthy, resilient ecosystems. In fire-adapted ecosystems, some measure of fire use - at appropriate intensity, frequency, and time of year -…
Person:
Year: 2000
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Climate, Economics, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Ecology, Fire History, Fire Prevention, Fuels, Hazard and Risk, Mapping, Planning, Prescribed Fire, Restoration and Rehabilitation, Safety, Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI)
Region(s): Alaska, California, Eastern, Great Basin, Hawaii, Northern Rockies, Northwest, Rocky Mountain, Southern, Southwest, International, National
Keywords: air quality, Arizona, arthropods, catastrophic fires, coastal forests, Colorado, coniferous forests, cover, crown fires, diseases, disturbance, droughts, fire damage (property), fire danger rating, fire dependent species, fire frequency, fire hazard reduction, fire intensity, fire regimes, fire size, fire suppression, fishes, flammability, floods, Florida, forest management, forest types, fuel accumulation, fuel loading, fuel management, grasslands, health factors, Idaho, insects, landscape ecology, light burning, logging, Montana, multiple resource management, national forests, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, pine forests, Pinus ponderosa, pollution, population density, post fire recovery, precipitation, rangelands, recreation, smoke effects, smoke management, soils, species diversity, stand characteristics, streamflow, Texas, threatened and endangered species, topography, US Forest Service, understory vegetation, Utah, Washington, water quality, watersheds, wilderness areas, wilderness fire management, wildfires, wildland fuels, wildlife, wildlife habitat management, wind, Wyoming
From the Executive Summary... 'Purpose: National forests of the dry, interior portion of the western United States that are managed by the Department of Agriculture*s Forest Service have undergone significant changes over the last century and a half, becoming much denser, with…
Person:
Year: 1999
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Fire Ecology, Climate, Economics, Emissions and Smoke, Fire History, Fire Prevention, Fuels, Hazard and Risk, Mapping, Planning, Prescribed Fire, Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI)
Region(s): Alaska, California, Eastern, Great Basin, Hawaii, Northern Rockies, Northwest, Rocky Mountain, Southern, Southwest, International, National
Keywords: air quality, Arizona, arthropods, catastrophic fires, coastal forests, Colorado, coniferous forests, crown fires, diseases, disturbance, droughts, fire damage (property), fire danger rating, fire dependent species, fire frequency, fire hazard reduction, fire intensity, fire regimes, fire size, fire suppression, fishes, flammability, floods, forest management, forest types, fuel accumulation, fuel loading, fuel management, health factors, Idaho, insects, landscape ecology, light burning, logging, Montana, multiple resource management, national forests, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, pine forests, Pinus ponderosa, pollution, population density, post fire recovery, precipitation, rangelands, recreation, smoke effects, smoke management, soils, species diversity, stand characteristics, streamflow, Texas, topography, trees, US Forest Service, understory vegetation, Utah, Washington, water, water quality, watersheds, wilderness areas, wilderness fire management, wildfires, wildlife, wildlife habitat management, wind, Wyoming
From the text ... 'We conclude that HRV did form during an intense Montana wildland fire on a mountain face that was observed by the junior author. This article describes the phenomenon.'
Person:
Year: 2003
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire History, Fuels, Intelligence, Logistics, Models, Weather
Region(s): Northern Rockies
Keywords: crown fires, fire case histories, fire control, fire equipment, fire intensity, fire management, fire whirls, flame length, fuel models, grass fuels, Montana, Pinus contorta, Pseudotsuga menziesii, rate of spread, spot fires, topography, US Forest Service, vortices, Washington, wildfires, wind
Person:
Year: 2003
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire History, Fire Prevention, Intelligence, Logistics, Safety, Weather
Region(s): Eastern
Keywords: crown fires, fire case histories, fire intensity, fire management, fire suppression, firefighting personnel, flame length, laboratory fires, pine forests, Pinus banksiana, plantations, rate of spread, slash, smoke behavior, smoke management, spot fires, vortices, Washington, wildfires, wind, Wisconsin
Person:
Year: 2003
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Aviation, Climate, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire History, Fire Prevention, Fuels, Hazard and Risk, Intelligence, Logistics, Mapping, Models, Prescribed Fire, Safety, Weather
Region(s): Alaska, California, Eastern, Great Basin, Hawaii, Northern Rockies, Northwest, Rocky Mountain, Southern, Southwest, National
Keywords: aerial ignition, catastrophic fires, coniferous forests, convection, crown fires, crowns, droughts, fire case histories, fire equipment, fire intensity, fire management, fire size, fire suppression, firefighting personnel, flame length, fuel management, fuel models, fuel moisture, health factors, Idaho, national forests, Pinus contorta, rate of spread, statistical analysis, surface fuels, topography, Washington, wildfires, wind
From the text ... 'It was a Black Friday for more than 50 families whose homes were destroyed.'
Person:
Year: 2003
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Climate, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire History, Fire Prevention, Hazard and Risk, Intelligence, Logistics, Outreach, Prescribed Fire, Regulations and Legislation, Safety, Social Science, Weather, Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI)
Region(s): Southern
Keywords: burning permits, catastrophic fires, coastal forests, education, fire case histories, fire control, fire damage (property), fire intensity, fire management, fire size, fire suppression, firefighting personnel, lightning caused fires, North Carolina, Piedmont, pine forests, precipitation, public information, rate of spread, South Carolina, swamps, Washington, wildfires, wind
From the text ... 'Removing American Indians from the land effectively ended wildland burning practices that had lasted for millennia. ...The Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management together administer several hundred million acres of grassland and other grazing land where…
Person:
Year: 2000
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Climate, Economics, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire History, Fire Prevention, Fuels, Hazard and Risk, Prescribed Fire, Restoration and Rehabilitation
Region(s): Alaska, California, Eastern, Great Basin, Hawaii, Northern Rockies, Northwest, Rocky Mountain, Southern, Southwest, National
Keywords: aesthetics, air quality, artificial regeneration, clearcutting, cover type conversion, ecosystem dynamics, fire exclusion, fire hazard reduction, fire intensity, fire management, fire suppression, floods, forest management, fuel accumulation, fuel loading, fuel management, grasslands, grazing, health factors, hydrology, land management, liability, lightning caused fires, logging, low intensity burns, mosaic, national forests, Native Americans, old growth forests, Pinus contorta, Pinus ponderosa, plant growth, prairies, presettlement vegetation, savannas, season of fire, shrublands, slash, smoke effects, smoke management, soil nutrients, succession, thinning, US Forest Service, vegetation surveys, Washington, wilderness fire management, wildlife habitat management
[no description entered]
Person:
Year: 1998
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire History, Fire Prevention, Fuels, Hazard and Risk, Planning, Prescribed Fire
Region(s): Alaska, California, Eastern, Great Basin, Hawaii, Northern Rockies, Northwest, Rocky Mountain, Southern, Southwest, International, National
Keywords: ecosystem dynamics, Europe, Finland, fire case histories, fire exclusion, fire management, fire regimes, fire suppression, forest management, human caused fires, lightning caused fires, national forests, national parks, rural communities, Russia, suppression, wilderness fire management, wildfires
[no description entered]
Person:
Year: 2003
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire History, Fire Occurrence, Fuels, Prescribed Fire, Restoration and Rehabilitation
Region(s): California, Great Basin
Keywords: age classes, air quality, annual plants, biomass, competition, fire frequency, fire management, grasslands, grazing, histories, invasive species, land management, litter, mortality, Nassella, native species (plants), natural areas management, perennial plants, phenology, plant growth, population density, population ecology, regeneration, season of fire, seed germination, seedlings, soil nutrients, statistical analysis, topography, weed control, wilderness areas, wildfires
From the text...'I believe that the Forest Service should take the lead in developing low-density stand management guidelines, but it isn’t going to be easy. The anti-management environmental lobby has beaten the agency into a position of inactivity. The Administration…
Person:
Year: 2003
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Economics, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire History, Fuels, Hazard and Risk, Intelligence, Monitoring and Inventory, Outreach, Prescribed Fire, Regulations and Legislation, Restoration and Rehabilitation, Social Science
Region(s): Eastern, Southern
Keywords: aesthetics, Appalachian Mountains, ecosystem dynamics, education, FIA, fire adaptations (plants), fire management, forest management, forest products, forest types, Georgia, grasses, hardwood forests, insects, Kentucky, landscape ecology, loblolly pine, logging, Longleaf Alliance, mast, mosaic, mountains, national forests, Native Americans, North Carolina, Ozarks, pine forests, Pinus palustris, Pinus taeda, plant diseases, population density, prairies, presettlement fires, presettlement vegetation, private lands, public information, Quercus, savannas, stand characteristics, Tennessee, thinning, topography, trees, US Forest Service, understory vegetation, Virginia, wildfires
Wildfire represents a serious challenge to communities in the rural West. After decades of fire suppression, land managers now perceive a greater role for wildfire in the ecosystem. In the meantime,migration patterns from urban to rural settings have increased the…
Person:
Year: 2003
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Economics, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire History, Fire Prevention, Hazard and Risk, Intelligence, Outreach, Regulations and Legislation, Social Science, Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI)
Region(s): Northwest
Keywords: agriculture, Cascades Range, catastrophic fires, education, fire damage (property), fire dependent species, fire management, fire suppression, forest management, hardwood forests, land management, multiple resource management, national forests, pine forests, post fire recovery, public information, recreation, rural communities, season of fire, US Forest Service, Washington, wilderness areas, wilderness fire management, wildfires
From the Conclusion...'Fire is only one issue in the wildland-urban interface, but it attracts attention. The challenges associated with managing wildland fire in the interface - interagency communication, growth management, fire-dependent ecological systems, Federal-State-local…
Person:
Year: 2002
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Climate, Economics, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire History, Fire Occurrence, Fire Prevention, Fuels, Hazard and Risk, Intelligence, Logistics, Outreach, Prescribed Fire, Safety, Social Science, Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI)
Region(s): Southern
Keywords: Acer, air quality, bibliographies, catastrophic fires, droughts, ecosystem dynamics, education, fire damage (property), fire damage protection, fire dependent species, fire exclusion, fire frequency, fire hazard reduction, fire management, fire regimes, fire suppression, firefighting personnel, Florida, forest management, fuel loading, fuel management, fuel types, Georgia, grazing, hardwood forests, herbicides, histories, incendiary fires, land use, landscape ecology, liability, lightning caused fires, Mississippi, mowing, pine forests, Pinus palustris, post fire recovery, public information, Quercus, roads, rural communities, smoke behavior, Texas, thinning, urban habitats, wilderness fire management
From the text...'In most cases, the role of the public information officer, the Wildfire Mitigation Specialist, is to make the first contact with homeowner associations and individuals describing the positive benefits of the wildfire mitigation program. How to make neighborhoods…
Person:
Year: 2000
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Administration, Economics, Emissions and Smoke, Fire History, Fire Prevention, Fuels, Hazard and Risk, Intelligence, Logistics, Outreach, Planning, Prescribed Fire, Regulations and Legislation, Safety, Social Science, Weather, Economics, Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI)
Region(s): Southern
Keywords: backfires, catastrophic fires, droughts, education, fire case histories, fire damage (property), fire hazard reduction, fire suppression, firebreaks, firefighting personnel, Firewise, Florida, fuel accumulation, fuel management, general interest, headfires, logging, mowing, natural resource legislation, pine forests, Pinus elliottii, Pinus palustris, Pinus taeda, post fire recovery, private lands, public information, season of fire, smoke management, state forests, wilderness fire management, wildfires
From the text...'This chapter of the Wildland Fire Education Handbook contains: a description of five videos on wildland fire in Florida that are included in the Toolkit, information on how to use the CD-ROM or slide images to create a presentation, descriptions of the…
Person:
Year: 2000
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Fire Ecology, Economics, Emissions and Smoke, Fire History, Fire Prevention, Fuels, Hazard and Risk, Planning, Prescribed Fire, Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI)
Region(s): Southern
Keywords: air quality, catastrophic fires, conservation, ecosystem dynamics, education, fire control, fire damage (property), fire dependent species, fire exclusion, fire frequency, fire hazard reduction, flatwoods, Florida, fuel accumulation, general interest, grasslands, health factors, landscape ecology, native species (animals), native species (plants), pine forests, prairies, public information, reproduction, scrub, smoke behavior, swamps, wilderness fire management, wildfires
From the text...'The worst fire season in Mexican history was in 1998. Drought conditions precipitated by a strong El Niño led to unusual fire activity, including crown fires, fire whirls, and rapid spread rates. A total of 14,302 fires burned 2,099,412 acres (849,632 ha) - 3.6…
Person:
Year: 1999
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Economics, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire History, Fire Occurrence, Fire Prevention, Fuels, Hazard and Risk, Logistics, Models, Outreach, Prescribed Fire, Restoration and Rehabilitation, Safety, Social Science, Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI)
Region(s): Alaska, California, Eastern, Great Basin, Hawaii, Northern Rockies, Northwest, Rocky Mountain, Southern, Southwest, International, National
Keywords: agriculture, air quality, bibliographies, catastrophic fires, coniferous forests, crown fires, deforestation, ecosystem dynamics, education, fire danger rating, fire frequency, fire injuries (humans), fire intensity, fire regimes, fire suppression, fire whirls, firefighting personnel, forage, forest management, fuel loading, fungi, grasslands, grazing, Hilaria mutica, histories, human caused fires, livestock, Mexico, pine forests, Pinus durangensis, Pinus edulis, Pinus engelmannii, Pinus hartwegii, Pinus montezumae, Pinus patula, Pinus rudis, plant diseases, Quercus, regeneration, resprouting, roots, savannas, shrublands, slash and burn, smoke effects, statistical analysis, surface fires, wilderness fire management, wildfires, xeric soils
In longleaf pine forests, frequent prescribed fires are essential for preventing hardwood encroachment and maintaining low fuel loads. This facilitates pine regeneration, growth of native grasses and legumes, and provides wildlife habitat. However, safety and health issues…
Person:
Year: 2002
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Emissions and Smoke, Fire Ecology, Fire History, Fuels, Prescribed Fire, Restoration and Rehabilitation, Safety
Region(s): Southern
Keywords: competition, ecosystem dynamics, fire frequency, fire management, forest management, fuel accumulation, fuel loading, Georgia, grasses, ground cover, hardwood forests, hardwoods, health factors, herbicides, histories, Jones Ecological Research Center, legumes, longleaf pine, native species (plants), overstory, pine forests, Pinus palustris, post fire recovery, regeneration, site treatments, understory vegetation, wildlife, woody plants
An examination of the beneficial use of fire in the southern forest, including history, current use, technique, economic considerations, legal restrictions, and outlook for continued use of prescribed burning in light of mounting pressures to eliminate sources of smoke and other…
Person:
Year: 1972
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Economics, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Effects, Fire History, Fire Prevention, Fuels, Hazard and Risk, Intelligence, Outreach, Prescribed Fire, Regulations and Legislation, Social Science
Region(s): Southern
Keywords: catastrophic fires, education, fire hazard reduction, fire management, forest management, forest products, fuel management, grazing, hardwood forests, histories, light, logging, Oklahoma, pine forests, Pinus palustris, public information, regeneration, site treatments, slash, wildfires
That the capacity of global models to predict the future can be well tested by their capacity to reconstruct past events is generally agreed, as is the definition of normal winter as the numerical equivalent of >5x103 degree-days (with the degrees in Fahrenheit). One-…
Person:
Year: 1986
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Climate, Economics, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire History, Hazard and Risk, Intelligence, Models, Weather, Economics
Region(s): International
Keywords: aerosols, agriculture, Asia, biomass, boreal forests, catastrophic fires, combustion, coniferous forests, crown fires, decay, dendrochronology, droughts, fire case histories, fire injuries (animals), fire intensity, fire management, fire scar analysis, flammability, grasslands, humus, Larix, light, logging, nuclear winter, peat, radiation, season of fire, smoke behavior, smoke effects, smoke management, soot, Soviet Union, taiga, temperature, wildfires
We conclude that HRV did form during an intense Montana wildland fire on a mountain face that was observed by the junior author. This article describes the phenomenon.
Person:
Year: 1990
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire History, Fuels, Intelligence, Logistics, Models, Weather
Region(s): Northern Rockies
Keywords: crown fires, fire case histories, fire control, fire equipment, fire intensity, fire management, fire whirls, flame length, fuel models, grass fuels, Montana, Pinus contorta, Pseudotsuga menziesii, rate of spread, spot fires, topography, US Forest Service, vortices, wildfires, wind
Germination responses of species from native plant communities of southwestern Western Australia can be related to syndromes of life history, fire response, and seed storage, and also to factors related to environmental stress. The Mediterranean-type climate of the region with…
Person:
Year: 1993
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire History, Fire Occurrence
Region(s): California, International
Keywords: Acacia spp., Africa, annual plants, Australia, Banksia, bibliographies, Bossiaea, chaparral, charring, Chorizema, Daviesia, droughts, eucalyptus, fire adaptations (plants), fire dependent species, fire frequency, fire intensity, flowering, fruits, fungi, fynbos, Gastrolobium, germination, heat, heat effects, histories, legumes, Mediterranean habitats, mortality, mycorrhiza, perennial plants, plant communities, plant ecology, plant growth, pollination, post fire recovery, reproduction, resprouting, sclerophyll forests, seed dormancy, seed germination, seed production, seedlings, seeds, serotiny, shrubs, smoke effects, soil nutrients, South Africa, southern Australia, sprouting, statistical analysis, temperature, western Australia, wood
Computers are rapidly expanding into the urban fire safety area. This paper presents some social implications caused by the use of computers for fire safety databases, arson prediction programs, and fire simulation programs. In regards to the new technological advances this…
Person:
Year: 1991
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Economics, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire History, Fire Prevention, Hazard and Risk, Models, Planning, Safety, Social Science, Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI)
Region(s): Alaska, California, Eastern, Great Basin, Hawaii, Northern Rockies, Northwest, Rocky Mountain, Southern, Southwest, National
Keywords: Arizona, computer programs, fire control, fire danger rating, fire equipment, fire management, fire suppression, human caused fires, incendiary fires, Massachusetts, rate of spread, wildfires
A climatic gradient across Northwestern Ontario induces a spatial gradient in fire incidence, with few fires in the Northeastern part and many in the Southwestern part. The resultant landscape mosaics exhibit maximum landscape (beta) diversity with intermediate disturbance…
Person:
Year: 1991
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Climate, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire History, Fire Occurrence, Fire Prevention, Mapping, Models, Prescribed Fire, Weather
Region(s): Rocky Mountain, International
Keywords: Abies balsamea, aesthetics, age classes, boreal forests, Canada, CO2 - carbon dioxide, coniferous forests, distribution, disturbance, fire adaptations (plants), fire exclusion, fire frequency, fire management, fire regimes, fire suppression, forest management, climate change, human caused fires, landscape ecology, lightning caused fires, mosaic, national parks, Northwest Territories, Ontario, Picea glauca, Pinus banksiana, plant communities, Populus tremuloides, prescribed fires (chance ignition), statistical analysis, temperate forests, trees, wilderness areas, wilderness fire management, wildfires, Wyoming, Yellowstone National Park
From the text...'Prescribed Burning Act of 1990 ... A blue-ribbon committee translated these prescribed burning concerns into proposed legislation that was introduced into the 1990 legislative session. Representative Frances L. "Chance” Irvine and Senator Karen Thurman led the…
Person:
Year: 1992
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Administration, Emissions and Smoke, Fire Behavior, Fire Ecology, Fire Effects, Fire History, Fire Prevention, Fuels, Intelligence, Logistics, Outreach, Planning, Prescribed Fire, Regulations and Legislation, Restoration and Rehabilitation, Social Science, Safety
Region(s): Southern, International
Keywords: aesthetics, air quality, burning intervals, competition, conservation, ecosystem dynamics, education, European settlement, fire dependent species, fire equipment, fire exclusion, fire management, fire protection, fire size, Florida, France, fuel management, grazing, herbaceous vegetation, land management, landscape ecology, liability, livestock, Native Americans, natural resource legislation, nutrient cycling, pollution, prehistoric fires, public information, range management, reforestation, smoke management, species diversity (animals), species diversity (plants), state forests, state parks, statistical analysis, Stoddard, H.L., Tall Timbers Research Station, wilderness areas, wildlife, wildlife habitat management, wildlife management
Fire-maintained pine barrens once covered more than 20,000 hectares in the Albany region on sand deposits associated with glacial Lake Albany. Today, urbanization and fire suppression have reduced the area to less than 1,000 hectares of pine barrens, which are dissected by…
Person:
Year: 1991
Type: Document
Source: TTRS
Topic(s): Administration, Emissions and Smoke, Fire History, Fire Prevention, Fuels, Hazard and Risk, Planning, Social Science, Fire Ecology, Fire Ecology, Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI)
Region(s): Eastern
Keywords: adaptation, barrens, fire hazard reduction, fire management, fire suppression, forest fragmentation, fuel loading, histories, ignition, lightning, New York, pine barrens, pioneer species, wildlife habitat management, wildlife refuges