It may be impossible to overstate the complexity of relationships among wildland ecosystems, fires, and nonnative invasives. Strategies for managing these relationships are similarly complex; they require information on local plant phenology, ability to produce various levels of fire severity within burns, willingness to combine fire with other management techniques, and systematic monitoring to improve effectiveness. Oversimplification and short-sightedness in planning can lead to unintended degradation of the ecosystem; lack of monitoring may leave such consequences unnoticed and unaddressed. An inventory of the knowledge needed for planning an effective burning program could begin with the topics listed in table 4-1; managers need to understand the regeneration strategies and phenology of both target and desired species and their respective sensitivity to fire regime characteristics. Extensive information like this is currently available for only a few invasive species. If the information is not available to managers, they must monitor treatment sites carefully and learn from experience.