In 2001, FETM was applied on the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (BWCAW) of the Superior National Forest, Minnesota, as part of a Fuel Treatment Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). On July 4, 1999, a storm with wind speeds in excess of 90 mph swept through the BWCAW, blowing down the trees on an area of about 350,000 acres. Surface fuel loadings in the blown-down areas were 5 to 10 times higher than before the storm. The elevated fuel loadings pose a substantially higher risk of wildfires in the area. The Forest Service sought to ameliorate that risk with a program for reducing fuels through the use of prescribed fire. FETM was selected as the landscape disturbance model for evaluating five different fuel treatment alternatives in the BWCAW Fuel Treatment EIS. FETM showed the tradeoff between the various fuel treatment alternatives in terms of the total number of wildfire acres burned annually and annual smoke emissions from both wildfire and prescribed fire.