From the text ... 'As the implications of enabling fire to reclaim its roles in wildland ecosystems continue to unfold, we are learning about how we value, view, and treat public lands, forests, fire, archaeological and historical sites, and associated human communities. The forest and fire management reorientation underway in the United States opens a window for looking at whether commonly applied standards and protocols for cultural resource conservation are adequate.This chapter examines intangible cultural resources that are defined as conceptual, oral, and behavioral traditions providing the social context for artifacts and sites. Often derived from time-tested associations between ecosystems and human communities, intangibles are the fragile and often threatened or neglected linkages among geography, cultures, forests, trees, and people. Thus, intangivle cultural resources warrant careful consideration in all stages of forest and heritage policy and practice, including wildland and prescribed fire and other fuels reduction programs.'