The high water retention of hummock-forming Sphagnum species minimizes soil moisture fluctuations and might protect forest floor organic matter from burning during wildfire. We hypothesized that Sphagnum cover reduces overall forest floor organic matter consumption during wildfire compared with other ground-layer vegetation. We characterized variability in soil organic layer depth and organic matter stocks in two pairs of burned and unburned black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) stands in interior Alaska. In the unburned stands, microsites dominated by Sphagnum had more than twice as much soil organic matter·m-2 as microsites dominated by feather moss and (or) lichens. Whereas 20% of soil organic matter was consumed during fire in microsites dominated by Sphagnum, 45% was consumed in microsites dominated by the feather moss and (or) lichens. Across 79 recently burned black spruce stands, unburned moss abundance (primarily remnant Sphagnum hummocks), landscape position (backslope, flat upland, flat lowland classes), and the interaction among these variables explained 60% of postfire organic soil depths. We suggest that ''Sphagnum sheep'' could serve as a useful visual indicator of variability in postfire soil carbon stocks in boreal black spruce forests. Sphagnum mosses are important ecosystem engineers not only for their influence on decomposition rates, but also for their effect on fuel consumption and fire patterning. © 2008 National Research Council of Canada, NCR Research Press. Abstract reproduced by permission.