Before the smoke has cleared, emergency rehabilitation efforts get underway to "repair” the damage done by both fire and the suppression efforts. Expensive, monumental, highly publicized measures are taken to protect property down stream of the burn area from floods, including installation of check dams, log terracing on hillslopes, and seeding and fertilization of vast acreage. Upgrading of extensive road networks and the supplemental feeding of wildlife also take place. Recovery efforts follow emergency rehabilitation. These include tree planting, more check dams, more road upgrading, and salvage harvest in burned areas. Emergency rehabilitation and recovery actions can exacerbate the significant effects on threatened and endangered species and their habitat invoked by the fire itself, and fire suppression efforts. Early interagency coordination during fire suppression, rehabilitation and recovery efforts, will allow for greater consideration of threatened and endangered species and their habitat, and foster new approaches to forest recovery in order to promote species survival and recovery.