Morphological, vegetational, chemical and microbiological effects of severe fire on Calluna moorland are described in a study site of 32 ha on Rosedale Moor, North Yorkshire. Approximately 19.2 x 10 (6th power) kg dry weight equivalent of peat was included in the area subjected to fire in 1976. More than 75% of this material was ignited completely or has been eroded subsequently. Relative enhancement in mineral nutrients is detected for some surfaces but increased solubility leads to rapid leaching losses of K, Na and Mg. Physical changes in residual 'charred' peat inhibits recolonization and leads to continued erosion. The pattern of vegetation recolonization on different morphological surfaces is described. Extensive areas of bare peat and mineral surface still existed in 1979. Most rapid recolonization occurred on peat which had been completely ashed. A strong microbiological response to least-severe burning coupled with a C/N ratio which declines rapidly with depth in 'control' moorland brings into sharp focus the question of long term stability of the peat cover. Observations are discussed in relation to the normal and continued practice of prescribed burning. Alternative management strategies for severely burnt and eroded areas are outlined. The pedogenic and ecological implications of extending alternative management strategies to 'intact' moorland are examined from preliminary empirical data.