Anyone who has been a wildland firefighter for any period of time has experienced the effects of fatigue first hand. From the complete lack of sleep when engaged in the often-times chaotic initial attack on a major fire to the seemingly never-ending night shifts on a campaign fire and the fitful daytime sleep that comes with it, fatigue starts to take its toll on firefighters the moment the alarm goes off. In the best-case scenario, the assignment ends with no one getting injured, and normal sleep patterns eventually return. In the worst-case scenario, bad things happen and people are injured or killed. Poor outcomes are most often not due to incompetence, lack of training, or bad leadership skills, but from a combination of factors, many of which can be traced back to fatigue and the effects it has on decision-making abilities.