Planning and management for the expected effects of climate change on natural resources are just now beginning in the western United States (U.S.), where the majority of public lands are located. Federal and state agencies have been slow to address climate change as a factor in resource production objectives, planning strategies, and on-the-ground applications. The recent assessment by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2007) and other high-profile reports (e.g., GAO 2007) have increased awareness of the need to incorporate climate change into resource management. Most of the recent literature on adaptation to climate change has focused on conceptual issues (Hansen et al. 2003; Adger et al. 2005), potential actions by local governments and municipalities (Snover et al. 2007), and individual resources and facilities (Slaughter and Wiener 2007). However, efforts to develop strategies that facilitate adaptation to documented and expected responses of natural resources to climate change are now beginning in earnest. For example, the Chief of the U.S. Forest Service recently stated that addressing climate change is one of the top three priorities of the agency (Kimbell 2008). In the most substantive effort to date, the U.S. Climate Change Science Program has developed synthesis and adaptation products for federal land management agencies (Joyce et al. 2008). The frequency, severity, and extent of wildfire are strongly related to climate (Swetnam and Betancourt 1990; Johnson and Wowchuk 1993; Stocks et al. 1998; Hessl et al. 2004; Gedalof et al. 2005; Heyerdahl et al. 2008; Skinner et al. 2008; Taylor et al. 2008; Littell et al. 2009). Increasing temperatures with climate change will likely lead to changes in fire regimes in many types of ecosystems (IPCC 2007). Increased spring and summer temperatures with climate change will lead to relatively early snowmelt (Stewart et al. 2005; Hamlet et al. 2007), lower summer soil moisture (Miles et al. 2007) and fuel moisture (Westerling et al. 2006), and longer fire seasons (Wotton and Flannigan 1993; Westerling et al. 2006). These conditions will lead to increased fire frequency and extent (Price and Rind 1994; Gillett et al. 2004; Westerling et al. 2006). McKenzie et al. (2004) found that for a mean temperature increase of 2 degrees C (expected by mid-21st century), annual area burned by wildfire is expected to increase by a factor of 1.4 to 5 for most western U.S. states. Dry fuel conditions associated with increased temperatures allow forests to burn whenever an ignition source occurs, with low humidity and high winds contributing to fire spread. Climate change will alter the effectiveness of fire and fuel management, and therefore necessitates that we adapt how we manage fire and fuels. There are well established scientific principles of fuels management upon which we can rely to inform future strategies. These strategies need to be applied to large landscapes, which are the land units for which managers are responsible and across which fires spread. Adaptation to changing fire regimes and other ecological effects of climate change will help reduce ecosystem vulnerabilities and potentially undesirable effects on ecosystem composition, structure, and function (Millar et al. 2007; Joyce et al. 2008). Adapting management to changing fire regimes will likely be a major challenge for resource managers in the face of climate change. This chapter outlines general adaptation strategies and specific fire and fuel management options for forest managers under climate change, primarily for dry forests with low-severity and mixed-severity fire regimes (e.g., pinyon pine-juniper [Pinus spp., Juniperus spp.], ponderosa pine [Pinus ponderosa], dry Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii], mixed conifer, mixed evergreen). We first present strategies and options from the perspective of managers and then expand on some of these from the perspective of research.