Rapidly changing land use patterns are having a significant impact on watershed management and the included elements of fuel management and fire protection. The complexity of watershed management was defined in the Watershed Management Council's publication prepared for the first conference. This publication, California's Watersheds, emphasized that all land use activity has an impact, that individual impacts can be cumulative and even synergistic. In California, the impact of development on fire effects and fire protection is a grand example. In my summary, I will not follow the schedule of individual papers presented. I will, instead, structure the review and my comments to emphasize the impact of demographics and population growth on fuel management and fire protection, concerns stated or implied in all presentations.